Mobile Technologies in Support of Distance Learning
Main Article Content
Abstract
Mobile devices and services have the potential to introduce novel innovations in the area of learning and education. The main advantages of these devices, namely limitless mobility and small size, can bring new dimensions to the learning processes of the students. But, despite these clear advantages mobile devices are not commonly used in the distance learning settings. For instance, current course management systems, like WebCT, do not support a mobile device connection. They are designed only toward the PC environment. The Problem Processing Assistant (PPA) is a web-based learning tool that combines the characteristics of digital portfolios with the functionality of open problem solving and idea generation tools. PPA can also support learners in distance learning settings A mobile extension of the PPA tool is implemented to enrich its functionality. Using a mobile device, students can compose and read carry-on notes, which brings the PPA closer to the actual learning situation. Extension is implemented using the Multiple Representation Mobile Adaptation (MRMA) framework.
Article Details
How to Cite
KINSHUK, K., SUHONEN, J., SUTINEN, E., & GOH, T. (2003). Mobile Technologies in Support of Distance Learning. Asian Journal of Distance Education, 1(1), 60-68. Retrieved from http://www.asianjde.com/ojs/index.php/AsianJDE/article/view/13
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The work published in AjDE is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution ShareAlike 4.0 International Licence (CC-BY).
References
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Fu, D., & Townsend, J.S. (1998). Cross-cultural dilemmas in writing: Need for transformations in teaching and learning. College Teaching, 46(4): 128-133. Holmberg, B. (1983). Guided didactic conversation in distance education. In D. Sewart, et al. (Eds.), Distance Education : International Perspectives (pp. 114-122). London : Croom Helm.
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Perspectives (pp. 114-122). London : Croom Helm. Joung, Y.R., & Kim, S.Y. (2002). Design template framework of learning object for reusable e-learning contents. Proceedings of the 16th Annual Conference (p. 109). Seoul, Korea : Asian association of Open Universities. [http:www.aaou.or.kr] Kawachi, P. (1999a). Language curriculum change for globalization. paper presented at the 34th Annual RELC Seminar – Language in the Global Context : Implications for the Language Classroom. Singapore : SEAMEO RELC. Kawachi, P. (1999b). Accommodating diversity in approaches to learning. Saga University Guide and Research in Progress, 3, 12-14.. Kawachi, P. (2002a). Why the sun doesn’t rise : Empirical findings that explain the exclusion of Japanese from online global education, and suggested solutions. Global E-Journal of Open, Flexible and Distance Education, 2(1). Retrieved May 18, 2003, from http://www.ignou.ac.in/ejournal/contentsII?PaulKawachi.htm Kawachi, P. (2002b). Poverty and access : The impact of language on online collaborative learning for Japanese learners. In H.P. Dikshit, S. Garg, S. Panda, & Vijayshri (Eds.) Access & equity : Challenges for open and distance learning (pp. 159-170). New Delhi : Kogan Page. Kawachi, P. (2002c). On-line and off-line reading English rates : Differences according to native-language L1, gender, and age. Proceedings of the 16th Annual Conference. Seoul, Korea. Asian Association of Open Universities. Kawachi, P. (2003a). Choosing the appropriate media to support the learning process. Journal of Educational Technology, 14(1), 118. Kawachi, P. (2003b). Empirical validation of a multimedia construct for learning. In S. Mishra, & R. Sharma (Eds.), Interactive multimedia in education and training. New Delhi : Idea Group (in press)
Kember, D., & Gow, L. (1991). A challenge to the anecdotal stereotype of the Asian student. Studies in Higher Education, 16, 117-128. Kim, Hyesoo, & Cheol-Hyeon Roh (2002). Three approaches to increase the quality of distance education in Korea. Proceedings of the XV Annual Conference (p. 74). New Delhi : Asian Association of Open Universities. Lawanto, O. (2000). Applying interactive learning technology in improving teaching quality training for faculty members at Universitas Surabaya Indonesia. Proceedings of the International Learning and Sharing Forum on Empowering Universities and Small Medium Enterprises, Annual Conference of the Association of Asia and Pacific Universities. Surabaya, Indonesia. Retrieved April 29, 2003, from http://gdenet.idln.or.id/country/ar_indonesia/I MPR_TEACH_full.htm Manohar, K.M. (2002). Reaching the unreached in higher education : The role of ODL in the digital era. Proceedings of the 16th Annual Conference. Seoul, Korea : Asian Association of Open Universities. McWhaw, K., Schnackenberg, H., Sclater, J., & Abrami, P.C. (2003). From co-operation to collaboration : Helping students become collaborative learners. In R.B. Gillies, & A.F. Ashman (Eds.) Co-operative learning : The social and intellectual outcomes of learning in groups (pp. 69-86). London : RoutledgeFalmer. Mohamadi, M. (2002). Presentation of a video program in a practical course in geology. Proceedings of the 16th Annual Conference (p. 113). Seoul, Korea : Asian Association of Open Universities. Moore, M. G. (1993). Theory of transactional distance. In D. Keegan (Ed.), Theoretical principles of distance education (pp22-38). London: Routledge. Nagaoka, R. (2002). Similarity and diversity among the way ODL universities follow in the age of ICT revolution and possible open collaborative relationship among them. Proceedings of the 16th Annual Conference
(p. 118). Seoul, Korea : Asian Association of Open Universities. Oliver, R., & Omari, A. (2001). Student responses to collaborating and learning in a web-based environment. Journal of Computer Assisted Learning, 17, 34-47. Panda, S., & Chaudhary, S. (2001). Telelearning and telelearning centres in India. In C. Latchem, & D. Walker, (Eds.), Telecentres : Case studies and key issues (pp. 149-157). Vancouver, BC : Commonwealth of
Learning. Retrieved August 24, 2002, from http://www.col.org/Telecentres/telecentres_in tro.htm Probst, R.E. (1987). Transactional theory in the teaching of literature. ERIC Digest ED 284 274. Retrieved April 24, 2002, from http://www.ed.gov/databases/ERIC_Digests/e d284274.html Robertshaw, M. (2002). Enhancing peer-to-peer.
58
Support for Collaborative e-Learning
support through the internet. Proceedings of the XV Annual Conference (p. 117). New Delhi, India : Asian Association of Open Universities. Robinson, B., Le Van Tran, & Tran Duc Vuong (2001). Viet Nam. In O. Jegede, & G. Shive, (Eds.), Open and distance education in the Asia Pacific region (pp. 237-254). Hong Kong : Open University of Hong Kong Press. Sabio, C.J. (2002). Understanding distance educational learning in the Philippines : Profile and study habits. Proceedings of the 16th Annual Conference (p. 128). Seoul, Korea : Asian Association of Open Universities. Saleh, M.N. (undated, c2000). The future of distance education in Malaysia : The role of information technology. Presentation as part of a Funding Application to the Malaysian Government, added to a review of Distance Education in Malaysia. Retrieved April 24, 2003, from http:gdenet.idln.or.id/country/ar_malaysia/C R_Malaysia.htm Shin, N. (2002). Beyond interaction : The relational construct of ‘Transactional Presence’. Open Learning, 17(2), 121-137. Shin, N., Jegede, O., Yau, J.S-W., Chung, L.HM., & Chan, J.K-Y. (2002). An exploration of the effect of online learning environment on distance learning. Proceedings of the 16th Annual Conference. Seoul, Korea : Asian Association of Open Universities. Smith, S.N., & Smith, P.J. (2000). Implications for distance education in the study approaches of different Chinese national groups. Journal of Distance Education, 15(2), 1-11. Retrieved November 22, 2002, from http://cade.athabascau.ca/vol15.2/smithsmith. html Spender, D. (2002). E-learning and its future. Paper presented at the Global Summit in Australia. Retrieved April 26, 2003, from http://www.educationau.edu.au/globalsummit /papers/d_spender.pdf
Srivastava, M., & Venugopal Reddy, V. (2002). Is information and communication technology reshaping the learner support? Association of Indian Universities University News, 40(4), 43-54. Tandon, N. (1998). Barriers to information and communication technologies encountered by women. Asian Region, Report on Gender Barriers to ICT. New Delhi : Commonwealth Educational Media Centre for Asia. Retrieved April 3, 2003, from http://www.col.org/wdd/ Tang, T. K-W., & Fung, Y. Y-H. (2002). A comparison of two learning communities in the digital era – how contexts and functions affect online participation in distance learning courses for teachers. Proceedings of the 16th Annual Conference. Seoul, Korea : Asian Association of Open Universities. Thilagavathy, N.S.S., & Namasivayam, N. (2002). Imperatives of research in marketoriented strategy for open and distance education of Madurai Kamaraj University, India : a case study. Proceedings of the 16th Annual Conference. Seoul, Korea : Asian Association of Open Universities. Towns, M.H. (1998). How do I get my students to work together? Getting cooperative learning started. Journal of Chemical Education, 75, 67-69. Tsuji, M., Kubo, D., Taoka, F., & Teshima, M. (2002). The role and issues of international tele-education : Lessons learned from the Japanese experience. Proceedings of the XV Annual Conference (p. 96). New Delhi : Asian Association of Open Universities. Vaziri, A. (2002). Education in the era of information and communication technologies. Proceedings of the 16th Annual Conference (p. 102). Seoul, Korea : Asian Association of Open Universities. Vyas, R.V., R.C. Sharma, & A. Kumar (2003). Delivery tools of distance learning in psychology through internet : An overview. In N.K. Chandel, R. Jit, S. Mal, & A. Sharma (Eds.), Psychological implications of information technology (pp. 124-140). New Delhi : Deep & Deep Publications.
Zimmer, B. (1995). The empathy templates : A way to support collaborative learning. In F.
Lockwood (Ed.), Open and distance learning today (pp. 139-150). London : Routledge.
conceptual design. Proceedings of the 16th AAOU Annual Conference (p. 126). Seoul, Korea : Asian Association of Open Universities. Boondao, S. (2002). From classroom to compact disc and the web. Proceedings of the 16th Annual Conference (p. 140). Seoul, Korea : Asian Association of Open Universities. Brandon, D.P., & Hollingshead, A.B. (1999). Collaborative learning and computer supported groups. Communications Education, 48, 109-126. Briguglio, C. (2000). Self directed learning is fine – if you know the destination! In A. Herrmann, & M.M. Kulski (Eds.), Flexible futures in tertiary teaching : Proceedings of the 9th Annual Teaching Learning Forum. Perth : Curtin University of Technology. Retrieved May 14, 2003, from http://cea.curtin.edu.au/tlf/tlf2000/briguglio.h tml Brookfield, S.D. (1987). Developing critical thinkers. San Francisco, CA : Jossey-Bass. Bullen, M. (1997). A case study of participation and critical thinking in a university-level course delivered by computer conferencing. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada. Bullen, M. (1998). Participation and critical thinking in online university distance education. Journal of Distance Education, 13(2). Retrieved February 24, 2003, from http://cade.athabascau.ca/vol13.2/bullen.html Chen, Y-J., & Willits, F.K. (1999). Dimensions of educational transactions in a videoconferencing learning environment. American Journal of Distance Education, 13(1), 45-59. Colbeck, C.L., Campbell, S.E., & Björklund, S.A. (2000). Grouping in the dark. Journal of Higher Education, 71, 60-83. Dalit, J.B. (2001). Access, equity and gender issues in open and distance learning. PUP (Polytechnic University of the Philippines) Open University Journal on Open and Distance Learning, 2(1):88-108 Dewey, J. (1933). How we think : A restatement of the relation of reflective thinking to the
educative process. Lexington, MA : D.C. Heath and Company. Edwards, R. (1995). Different discourses, discourses of difference : Globalisation, distance education and open learning, Distance Education, 16(2), 241-255. Feather, S. (1999). The impact of group support systems on collaborative learning groups’ stages of development. Information Technology, Learning, and Performance Journal, 17(2), 23-34.
Fu, D., & Townsend, J.S. (1998). Cross-cultural dilemmas in writing: Need for transformations in teaching and learning. College Teaching, 46(4): 128-133. Holmberg, B. (1983). Guided didactic conversation in distance education. In D. Sewart, et al. (Eds.), Distance Education : International Perspectives (pp. 114-122). London : Croom Helm.
57
KAWACHI
Perspectives (pp. 114-122). London : Croom Helm. Joung, Y.R., & Kim, S.Y. (2002). Design template framework of learning object for reusable e-learning contents. Proceedings of the 16th Annual Conference (p. 109). Seoul, Korea : Asian association of Open Universities. [http:www.aaou.or.kr] Kawachi, P. (1999a). Language curriculum change for globalization. paper presented at the 34th Annual RELC Seminar – Language in the Global Context : Implications for the Language Classroom. Singapore : SEAMEO RELC. Kawachi, P. (1999b). Accommodating diversity in approaches to learning. Saga University Guide and Research in Progress, 3, 12-14.. Kawachi, P. (2002a). Why the sun doesn’t rise : Empirical findings that explain the exclusion of Japanese from online global education, and suggested solutions. Global E-Journal of Open, Flexible and Distance Education, 2(1). Retrieved May 18, 2003, from http://www.ignou.ac.in/ejournal/contentsII?PaulKawachi.htm Kawachi, P. (2002b). Poverty and access : The impact of language on online collaborative learning for Japanese learners. In H.P. Dikshit, S. Garg, S. Panda, & Vijayshri (Eds.) Access & equity : Challenges for open and distance learning (pp. 159-170). New Delhi : Kogan Page. Kawachi, P. (2002c). On-line and off-line reading English rates : Differences according to native-language L1, gender, and age. Proceedings of the 16th Annual Conference. Seoul, Korea. Asian Association of Open Universities. Kawachi, P. (2003a). Choosing the appropriate media to support the learning process. Journal of Educational Technology, 14(1), 118. Kawachi, P. (2003b). Empirical validation of a multimedia construct for learning. In S. Mishra, & R. Sharma (Eds.), Interactive multimedia in education and training. New Delhi : Idea Group (in press)
Kember, D., & Gow, L. (1991). A challenge to the anecdotal stereotype of the Asian student. Studies in Higher Education, 16, 117-128. Kim, Hyesoo, & Cheol-Hyeon Roh (2002). Three approaches to increase the quality of distance education in Korea. Proceedings of the XV Annual Conference (p. 74). New Delhi : Asian Association of Open Universities. Lawanto, O. (2000). Applying interactive learning technology in improving teaching quality training for faculty members at Universitas Surabaya Indonesia. Proceedings of the International Learning and Sharing Forum on Empowering Universities and Small Medium Enterprises, Annual Conference of the Association of Asia and Pacific Universities. Surabaya, Indonesia. Retrieved April 29, 2003, from http://gdenet.idln.or.id/country/ar_indonesia/I MPR_TEACH_full.htm Manohar, K.M. (2002). Reaching the unreached in higher education : The role of ODL in the digital era. Proceedings of the 16th Annual Conference. Seoul, Korea : Asian Association of Open Universities. McWhaw, K., Schnackenberg, H., Sclater, J., & Abrami, P.C. (2003). From co-operation to collaboration : Helping students become collaborative learners. In R.B. Gillies, & A.F. Ashman (Eds.) Co-operative learning : The social and intellectual outcomes of learning in groups (pp. 69-86). London : RoutledgeFalmer. Mohamadi, M. (2002). Presentation of a video program in a practical course in geology. Proceedings of the 16th Annual Conference (p. 113). Seoul, Korea : Asian Association of Open Universities. Moore, M. G. (1993). Theory of transactional distance. In D. Keegan (Ed.), Theoretical principles of distance education (pp22-38). London: Routledge. Nagaoka, R. (2002). Similarity and diversity among the way ODL universities follow in the age of ICT revolution and possible open collaborative relationship among them. Proceedings of the 16th Annual Conference
(p. 118). Seoul, Korea : Asian Association of Open Universities. Oliver, R., & Omari, A. (2001). Student responses to collaborating and learning in a web-based environment. Journal of Computer Assisted Learning, 17, 34-47. Panda, S., & Chaudhary, S. (2001). Telelearning and telelearning centres in India. In C. Latchem, & D. Walker, (Eds.), Telecentres : Case studies and key issues (pp. 149-157). Vancouver, BC : Commonwealth of
Learning. Retrieved August 24, 2002, from http://www.col.org/Telecentres/telecentres_in tro.htm Probst, R.E. (1987). Transactional theory in the teaching of literature. ERIC Digest ED 284 274. Retrieved April 24, 2002, from http://www.ed.gov/databases/ERIC_Digests/e d284274.html Robertshaw, M. (2002). Enhancing peer-to-peer.
58
Support for Collaborative e-Learning
support through the internet. Proceedings of the XV Annual Conference (p. 117). New Delhi, India : Asian Association of Open Universities. Robinson, B., Le Van Tran, & Tran Duc Vuong (2001). Viet Nam. In O. Jegede, & G. Shive, (Eds.), Open and distance education in the Asia Pacific region (pp. 237-254). Hong Kong : Open University of Hong Kong Press. Sabio, C.J. (2002). Understanding distance educational learning in the Philippines : Profile and study habits. Proceedings of the 16th Annual Conference (p. 128). Seoul, Korea : Asian Association of Open Universities. Saleh, M.N. (undated, c2000). The future of distance education in Malaysia : The role of information technology. Presentation as part of a Funding Application to the Malaysian Government, added to a review of Distance Education in Malaysia. Retrieved April 24, 2003, from http:gdenet.idln.or.id/country/ar_malaysia/C R_Malaysia.htm Shin, N. (2002). Beyond interaction : The relational construct of ‘Transactional Presence’. Open Learning, 17(2), 121-137. Shin, N., Jegede, O., Yau, J.S-W., Chung, L.HM., & Chan, J.K-Y. (2002). An exploration of the effect of online learning environment on distance learning. Proceedings of the 16th Annual Conference. Seoul, Korea : Asian Association of Open Universities. Smith, S.N., & Smith, P.J. (2000). Implications for distance education in the study approaches of different Chinese national groups. Journal of Distance Education, 15(2), 1-11. Retrieved November 22, 2002, from http://cade.athabascau.ca/vol15.2/smithsmith. html Spender, D. (2002). E-learning and its future. Paper presented at the Global Summit in Australia. Retrieved April 26, 2003, from http://www.educationau.edu.au/globalsummit /papers/d_spender.pdf
Srivastava, M., & Venugopal Reddy, V. (2002). Is information and communication technology reshaping the learner support? Association of Indian Universities University News, 40(4), 43-54. Tandon, N. (1998). Barriers to information and communication technologies encountered by women. Asian Region, Report on Gender Barriers to ICT. New Delhi : Commonwealth Educational Media Centre for Asia. Retrieved April 3, 2003, from http://www.col.org/wdd/ Tang, T. K-W., & Fung, Y. Y-H. (2002). A comparison of two learning communities in the digital era – how contexts and functions affect online participation in distance learning courses for teachers. Proceedings of the 16th Annual Conference. Seoul, Korea : Asian Association of Open Universities. Thilagavathy, N.S.S., & Namasivayam, N. (2002). Imperatives of research in marketoriented strategy for open and distance education of Madurai Kamaraj University, India : a case study. Proceedings of the 16th Annual Conference. Seoul, Korea : Asian Association of Open Universities. Towns, M.H. (1998). How do I get my students to work together? Getting cooperative learning started. Journal of Chemical Education, 75, 67-69. Tsuji, M., Kubo, D., Taoka, F., & Teshima, M. (2002). The role and issues of international tele-education : Lessons learned from the Japanese experience. Proceedings of the XV Annual Conference (p. 96). New Delhi : Asian Association of Open Universities. Vaziri, A. (2002). Education in the era of information and communication technologies. Proceedings of the 16th Annual Conference (p. 102). Seoul, Korea : Asian Association of Open Universities. Vyas, R.V., R.C. Sharma, & A. Kumar (2003). Delivery tools of distance learning in psychology through internet : An overview. In N.K. Chandel, R. Jit, S. Mal, & A. Sharma (Eds.), Psychological implications of information technology (pp. 124-140). New Delhi : Deep & Deep Publications.
Zimmer, B. (1995). The empathy templates : A way to support collaborative learning. In F.
Lockwood (Ed.), Open and distance learning today (pp. 139-150). London : Routledge.